How to use the certbot.errors.Error function in certbot

def _avoid_invalidating_lineage(config, lineage, original_server):
    "Do not renew a valid cert with one from a staging server!"
    # Some lineages may have begun with --staging, but then had production certs
    # added to them
    latest_cert = OpenSSL.crypto.load_certificate(
        OpenSSL.crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, open(lineage.cert).read())
    # all our test certs are from happy hacker fake CA, though maybe one day
    # we should test more methodically
    now_valid = "fake" not in repr(latest_cert.get_issuer()).lower()

    if util.is_staging(config.server):
        if not util.is_staging(original_server) or now_valid:
            if not config.break_my_certs:
                names = ", ".join(lineage.names())
                raise errors.Error(
                    "You've asked to renew/replace a seemingly valid certificate with "
                    "a test certificate (domains: {0}). We will not do that "
                    "unless you use the --break-my-certs flag!".format(names))

def get_certnames(config, verb, allow_multiple=False, custom_prompt=None):
    """Get certname from flag, interactively, or error out.
    """
    certname = config.certname
    if certname:
        certnames = [certname]
    else:
        disp = zope.component.getUtility(interfaces.IDisplay)
        filenames = storage.renewal_conf_files(config)
        choices = [storage.lineagename_for_filename(name) for name in filenames]
        if not choices:
            raise errors.Error("No existing certificates found.")
        if allow_multiple:
            if not custom_prompt:
                prompt = "Which certificate(s) would you like to {0}?".format(verb)
            else:
                prompt = custom_prompt
            code, certnames = disp.checklist(
                prompt, choices, cli_flag="--cert-name", force_interactive=True)
            if code != display_util.OK:
                raise errors.Error("User ended interaction.")
        else:
            if not custom_prompt:
                prompt = "Which certificate would you like to {0}?".format(verb)
            else:
                prompt = custom_prompt

            code, index = disp.menu(

:param str domain: Domain of the challb

    :returns: Appropriate AnnotatedChallenge
    :rtype: :class:`certbot.achallenges.AnnotatedChallenge`

    """
    chall = challb.chall
    logger.info("%s challenge for %s", chall.typ, domain)

    if isinstance(chall, challenges.KeyAuthorizationChallenge):
        return achallenges.KeyAuthorizationAnnotatedChallenge(
            challb=challb, domain=domain, account_key=account_key)
    elif isinstance(chall, challenges.DNS):
        return achallenges.DNS(challb=challb, domain=domain)
    else:
        raise errors.Error(
            "Received unsupported challenge of type: {0}".format(chall.typ))

return parsed_args

        self.defaults = dict((key, copy.deepcopy(self.parser.get_default(key)))
                             for key in vars(parsed_args))

        # Do any post-parsing homework here

        if self.verb == "renew":
            if parsed_args.force_interactive:
                raise errors.Error(
                    "{0} cannot be used with renew".format(
                        constants.FORCE_INTERACTIVE_FLAG))
            parsed_args.noninteractive_mode = True

        if parsed_args.force_interactive and parsed_args.noninteractive_mode:
            raise errors.Error(
                "Flag for non-interactive mode and {0} conflict".format(
                    constants.FORCE_INTERACTIVE_FLAG))

        if parsed_args.staging or parsed_args.dry_run:
            self.set_test_server(parsed_args)

        if parsed_args.csr:
            self.handle_csr(parsed_args)

        if parsed_args.must_staple:
            parsed_args.staple = True

        if parsed_args.validate_hooks:
            hooks.validate_hooks(parsed_args)

        if parsed_args.allow_subset_of_names:

).format(lineage.configfile.filename, br=os.linesep)

    if config.verb == "run":
        keep_opt = "Attempt to reinstall this existing certificate"
    elif config.verb == "certonly":
        keep_opt = "Keep the existing certificate for now"
    choices = [keep_opt,
               "Renew & replace the cert (limit ~5 per 7 days)"]

    display = zope.component.getUtility(interfaces.IDisplay)
    response = display.menu(question, choices,
                            default=0, force_interactive=True)
    if response[0] == display_util.CANCEL:
        # TODO: Add notification related to command-line options for
        #       skipping the menu for this case.
        raise errors.Error(
            "Operation canceled. You may re-run the client.")
    elif response[1] == 0:
        return "reinstall", lineage
    elif response[1] == 1:
        return "renew", lineage
    raise AssertionError('This is impossible')

cli_flag="--expand",
                                       force_interactive=True):
        return "renew", cert
    else:
        reporter_util = zope.component.getUtility(interfaces.IReporter)
        reporter_util.add_message(
            "To obtain a new certificate that contains these names without "
            "replacing your existing certificate for {0}, you must use the "
            "--duplicate option.{br}{br}"
            "For example:{br}{br}{1} --duplicate {2}".format(
                existing,
                sys.argv[0], " ".join(sys.argv[1:]),
                br=os.linesep
            ),
            reporter_util.HIGH_PRIORITY)
        raise errors.Error(USER_CANCELLED)

:param .JWK account_key: Authorized Account Key
    :param str domain: Domain of the challb

    :returns: Appropriate AnnotatedChallenge
    :rtype: :class:`certbot.achallenges.AnnotatedChallenge`

    """
    chall = challb.chall
    logger.info("%s challenge for %s", chall.typ, domain)

    if isinstance(chall, challenges.KeyAuthorizationChallenge):
        return achallenges.KeyAuthorizationAnnotatedChallenge(
            challb=challb, domain=domain, account_key=account_key)
    elif isinstance(chall, challenges.DNS):
        return achallenges.DNS(challb=challb, domain=domain)
    raise errors.Error(
        "Received unsupported challenge of type: {0}".format(chall.typ))

:raises acme.errors.Error: In case of any protocol problems.

    :returns: Newly registered and saved account, as well as protocol
        API handle (should be used in `Client` initialization).
    :rtype: `tuple` of `.Account` and `acme.client.Client`

    """
    # Log non-standard actions, potentially wrong API calls
    if account_storage.find_all():
        logger.info("There are already existing accounts for %s", config.server)
    if config.email is None:
        if not config.register_unsafely_without_email:
            msg = ("No email was provided and "
                   "--register-unsafely-without-email was not present.")
            logger.warning(msg)
            raise errors.Error(msg)
        if not config.dry_run:
            logger.info("Registering without email!")

    # If --dry-run is used, and there is no staging account, create one with no email.
    if config.dry_run:
        config.email = None

    # Each new registration shall use a fresh new key
    rsa_key = generate_private_key(
            public_exponent=65537,
            key_size=config.rsa_key_size,
            backend=default_backend())
    key = jose.JWKRSA(key=jose.ComparableRSAKey(rsa_key))
    acme = acme_from_config_key(config, key)
    # TODO: add phone?
    regr = perform_registration(acme, config, tos_cb)

try:
        with open(renewable_cert.chain_path) as chain_file:  # type: IO[str]
            chain = chain_file.read()
        with open(renewable_cert.cert_path) as cert_file:  # type: IO[str]
            cert = cert_file.read()
        with open(renewable_cert.fullchain_path) as fullchain_file:  # type: IO[str]
            fullchain = fullchain_file.read()
        if (cert + chain) != fullchain:
            error_str = "fullchain does not match cert + chain for {0}!"
            error_str = error_str.format(renewable_cert.lineagename)
            raise errors.Error(error_str)
    except IOError as e:
        error_str = "reading one of cert, chain, or fullchain has failed: {0}".format(e)
        logger.exception(error_str)
        raise errors.Error(error_str)
    except errors.Error as e:
        raise e