To help you get started, we've collected the most common ways that numdifftools is being used within popular public projects.

numdifftools

The numdifftools library is a suite of tools written in _Python to solve automatic numerical differentiation problems in one or more variables. Finite differences are used in an adaptive manner, coupled with a Richardson extrapolation methodology to provide a maximally accurate result. The user can configure many options like; changing the order of the method or the extrapolation, even allowing the user to specify whether complex-step, central, forward or backward differences are used.

The methods provided are:

• Derivative: Compute the derivatives of order 1 through 10 on any scalar function.
• directionaldiff: Compute directional derivative of a function of n variables
• Gradient: Compute the gradient vector of a scalar function of one or more variables.
• Jacobian: Compute the Jacobian matrix of a vector valued function of one or more variables.
• Hessian: Compute the Hessian matrix of all 2nd partial derivatives of a scalar function of one or more variables.
• Hessdiag: Compute only the diagonal elements of the Hessian matrix

All of these methods also produce error estimates on the result.

Numdifftools also provide an easy to use interface to derivatives calculated with in _AlgoPy. Algopy stands for Algorithmic Differentiation in Python. The purpose of AlgoPy is the evaluation of higher-order derivatives in the forward and reverse mode of Algorithmic Differentiation (AD) of functions that are implemented as Python programs.

Getting Started

Visualize high order derivatives of the tanh function

> >>> import numpy as np >>> import numdifftools as nd > >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt >>> x = > np.linspace(-2, 2, 100) >>> for i in range(10): ... df = > nd.Derivative(np.tanh, n=i) ... y = df(x) ... h = plt.plot(x, > y/np.abs(y).max()) > > >>> plt.show() # doctest: +SKIP

Compute 1'st and 2'nd derivative of exp(x), at x == 1:

>>> fd = nd.Derivative(np.exp)        # 1'st derivative
>>> fdd = nd.Derivative(np.exp, n=2)  # 2'nd derivative
>>> np.allclose(fd(1), 2.7182818284590424)
True
>>> np.allclose(fdd(1), 2.7182818284590424)
True

Nonlinear least squares:

>>> xdata = np.reshape(np.arange(0,1,0.1),(-1,1))
>>> ydata = 1+2*np.exp(0.75*xdata)
>>> fun = lambda c: (c[0]+c[1]*np.exp(c[2]*xdata) - ydata)**2
>>> Jfun = nd.Jacobian(fun)
>>> np.allclose(np.abs(Jfun([1,2,0.75])), 0) # should be numerically zero
True

Compute gradient of sum(x**2):

>>> fun = lambda x: np.sum(x**2)
>>> dfun = nd.Gradient(fun)
>>> np.allclose(dfun([1,2,3]), [ 2.,  4.,  6.])
True

Compute the same with the easy to use interface to AlgoPy:

>>> import numdifftools.nd_algopy as nda
>>> import numpy as np
>>> fd = nda.Derivative(np.exp)        # 1'st derivative
>>> fdd = nda.Derivative(np.exp, n=2)  # 2'nd derivative
>>> np.allclose(fd(1), 2.7182818284590424)
True
>>> np.allclose(fdd(1), 2.7182818284590424)
True

Nonlinear least squares:

>>> xdata = np.reshape(np.arange(0,1,0.1),(-1,1))
>>> ydata = 1+2*np.exp(0.75*xdata)
>>> fun = lambda c: (c[0]+c[1]*np.exp(c[2]*xdata) - ydata)**2
>>> Jfun = nda.Jacobian(fun, method='reverse')
>>> np.allclose(np.abs(Jfun([1,2,0.75])), 0) # should be numerically zero
True

Compute gradient of sum(x**2):

>>> fun = lambda x: np.sum(x**2)
>>> dfun = nda.Gradient(fun)
>>> np.allclose(dfun([1,2,3]), [ 2.,  4.,  6.])
True

See also

scipy.misc.derivative

Documentation and code

Numdifftools works on Python 2.7+ and Python 3.0+.

Official releases available at:

Official documentation available at:

Bleeding edge: .

Installation

If you have pip installed, then simply type:

> $ pip install numdifftools

to get the lastest stable version. Using pip also has the advantage that all requirements are automatically installed.

Unit tests

To test if the toolbox is working paste the following in an interactive python session:

import numdifftools as nd
nd.test('--doctest-modules', '--disable-warnings')

Acknowledgement

The numdifftools package for Python was written by Per A. Brodtkorb based on the adaptive numerical differentiation toolbox written in Matlab by John D'Errico [DErrico06].

Later the package was extended with some of the functionality found in the statsmodels.tools.numdiff module written by Josef Perktold [JPerktold14] which is based on [Rid09]. The implementation of bicomplex numbers is based on the matlab implementation described in the project report of [Ver14] which is based on [GLD12]. For completeness the [For98] method for computing the weights and points in general finite difference formulas as well as the [For81] method for cumputing the taylor coefficients of complex analytic function using FFT, was added.

References

Changelog

Version 0.9.41 Nov 10, 2022

Fabian Joswig (5):

• ci: execute test action only on push to master and on pull requests.
• ci: test requirements added to ci workflow.
• ci: first version of github actions ci added.
• fix: import from from scipy.ndimage.filters replaced by from scipy.ndimage
• fix: np.info(float).machar.tiny replaced by np.info(float).tiny

Jonas Eschle (6):

• Drop Python 3.6
• Remove Python 2.7, 3.6 from appveyor CI
• Update .travis.yml
• Update setup.cfg
• Update .travis.yml
• Update to Python310

Per A Brodtkorb (19):

• Commented out deprecated pep8ignore and pep8maxlinelength in setup.cfg
• Fixed issue #59: numpy deprecation warning on machar.tiny
• Deleted obsolete travis_install.sh
• Replaced deprecated np.MachAr().eps (NumPy 1.22) with np.finfo(float).eps in test_multicomplex.py
• Added requirements.tests.txt
• Updated .github/workflows/test.yml to use requirements.tests.txt
• Removed obsolete .travis.yml and appveyor.yml.
• Github-actions are now used instead.
• Replaced appveyor badge and travis badge with github-actions badge in README.rst, info.py and index.rst
• Removed python 2.7 from classifiers in setup.cfg
• Updated .travis.yml
• Fixed doctest so they don't crash on travis: Replaced "# doctest + SKIP" with "# doctest: +SKIP" in docstrings.
• Updated download badge in README.rst and info.py
• Updated test_img in README.rst
• Updated tests_img path for travis.
• Added "# doctest + SKIP" to doctest string in info.py
• Replaced "version" in docs/index.rst
• Added matplotlib to requirements.txt Removed failing python 3.8 from appveyor.yml

Per A. Brodtkorb (4):

• Merge pull request #65 from fjosw/feat/github_actions_ci
• Merge pull request #66 from jonas-eschle/patch-1
• Merge pull request #60 from peendebak/performance/percentile
• Merge pull request #63 from fjosw/feat/numpy_deprecation

Pieter Eendebak (2):

• workaround for known issue with np.nanpercentile
• improve performance by combining percentile calculations

Version 0.9.40 Jun 2, 2021

Per A Brodtkorb (109):

• Replaced python 3.5 with 3.9 in .travis.yml

• Removed python 3.5 from appveyor.yml

• Added bibtex_bibfiles = ... to docs/conf.py

• Fixed doctest failures in

  • docs/src/numerical/derivest.rst
  • docs/tutorials/getting_started.rst
  • numdifftools.core.py
  • numdifftools.limits.py
  • numdifftools.nd_algopy.py
  • numdifftools.nd_scipy.py
  • numdifftools.nd_statsmodels.py

• Insulated import of click in a if __name__ =='__main__' clause.

• Added activate to appveyor.yml

• Added reference for the Epsilon algorithm in extrapolation.py.

• Disabled the restriction that n must be one in LogJacobianRule

• Added complex_even and central_even methods to the JacobianDifferenceFunctions

• Updated documentation of Derivative in core.py

• Updated documentation of Richardson.

• Removed obsolete tests from test_nd_scipy.py

• Fixed a bug in TestJacobian.test_scalar_to_vector in test_nd_scipy.py for method="complex'

• Refactored code from core.py to finite_difference.py

• Added LogJacobianRule, LogHessdiagRule, LogHessianRule to finite_difference.py

• Fixed a bug in Richardson._estimate_error: Complex rule resulted wrongly in complex error values.

• Added netlib.org/quadpack reference.

• Updated Dea to conform with Quadpack

• Replaced reference to Brezinski with refs to Quadpack.

• Reduced cyclomatic complexity in Dea in extrapolation.py

• Removed commented out code in profile_numdifftools.py

• Updated pycodestyle ignore section in setup.cfg

• Removed commented out code in run_benchmark.py Made get_nominal_step continous as function of x

• Made datetime call python 2.7 compatible in run_benchmark.py

• Simplified the Derivative._step_generator function in core.py.

• Made plots generated from run_benchmark.py prettier.

• step_ratio in the step generators by default 2 for n=1 and 1.6 otherwise in step_generators.py

• Fixed failing doctests in core.py and nd_statsmodels.py

• Added doctests to setup.cfg.

• Reordered imports in test_example_functions.py

• Fixed .travis.yml so that he file paths in coverage.xml is discoverable under the sonar.sources folder. The problem is that SonarQube is analysing the checked-out source code (in src/numdifftools) but the actual unit tests and coverage.py is run against the installed code (in build/lib/numdifftools). Thus the absolute files paths to the installed

• Removed commented code from test_numdifftools.py

• Run only coverage xml when python version is 3.7

• Updated .travis.yml Removed commented out code from extrapolation.py and nd_statsmodels.py

• Finalized the moved of XXXDifferencdFunctions from core.py to finite_difference.py

• Added missing docstring for default_scale function in step_generators.py.

• Removed unused import of itertools in _find_default_scale.py.

• Changed default scale from 1.35 to 1.06 for complex/multicomplex methods when n=1

• Added richardson_demo to extrapolation.py Simplified EpsAlg class in extrapolation.py

• Corrected a small error for dea3: Now dea3 and Dea(limexp=3) gives the same result!

• Added python 3.8 to appveyor.yml Added python 3.9 to setup.cfg

• Fixed reference to how-to/index

• Added doctest configuration to docs.conf.py

• Fixes issue #50 by adding function value f(x) to the info.f_value.

• Updated README.rst

• Added @UnusedVariable here and there.

• Silence warnings in Hessian by adding __init__ that set the correct order given the method.

• Updated the Richardson._r_matrix method to generate complex matrix when step_ratio is complex.

• Fixed profile_hessian in profile_numdifftools.py so it works again.

• Added with np.errstate(all='ignore') to test_derivative_on_sinh and test_scalar_to_vector in test_nd_algopy.py to silence warnings.

• Changed citation style to alpha.

• Replaced bibliography.rst with refs1.bib and zreferences.rst

• Removed badges for latex

• Changed sonar addon token

• Added CC_TEST_REPORTER_ID

• Fixed a typo in docs/numdifftools.rst

• Added docs/make.bat

• Removed python 2.7 from .travis.yml

• Moved test_requires from setup.cfg to setup.py

• Added Latex to setup.py

• Changed default radius to 0.0059 which appears to cause less failures in Taylor in fornberg.py.

• Updated MANIFEST.in

• Fixes issue #49 : Dimension of Jacobian of vector valued function (length n) with scalar input should be n X 1

• Updated build_package.py

• Attempt to silence divide by zero and invalid warnings.

• Fix issue#52: Gradient tries to apply squeeze to the output tuple containing both the result and the full_output object.

• Made docstring a rawdocstring since it contains slashes.

• Added "# pylint: disable=unused-argument" in appropriate places.

• API change: replaced "python setup.py doctests" with "python setup.py doctest"

• Removed unused imports

• Fixed a bug in test_low_order_derivative_on_example_functions: Same variable (i) was used both in the outer and inner loop.

• Updated badge for pypi and documentation of fornberg.py

• Fixed failing tests.

• Updated docs + added a test

• Added "python -m pip install --upgrade pytest" to appveyor.yml due to a package conflict on python2.7 32 bit

• Added - "python -m pip install --upgrade setuptools" in appveyor.yml to avoid build error.

• Try "python setup.py bdist_wheel" and "pip install numdifftools --find-links=dist" in appveyor.yml

• Put qoutes on "python -m pip install --upgrade pip" in appveyor.yml

• Changed "python setup.py install" to

  • python setup.py bdist_wheel"
  • pip install numdifftools --find-links=dist

• Added "pip install --upgrade pip" to appveyor.yml

• Updated the detailed package documentation.

• Added missing pytest-pep8 to install

• Updated badge + appveyor.yml

• ongoing work to harmonize the the output from approx_fprime and approx_fprime_cs

• Added Taylor class to nd_algopy.py Fixed a bug in _get_best_taylor_coefficient in fornberg.py

• Updated references Added test_mod_c function to test_multicomplex.py

• Fixed a typo.

• Removed --strict-markers

• Fixed issue #39 TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'float' and 'Bicomplex'

• Fixed a typo in the documentation. Closing issue #51

• Added separate test for nd_scipy.

• added skip on tests if LineProfiler is not installed.

• Removed obsolete centered argument from call to approx_hess1 + pep8

• Move Jacobian._increment method to _JacobianDifferenceFunctions

• step_nom was unused in CStepGenerator.__init__ Added pytest.markers.slow in to setup.cfg

• Made two tests more forgiving in order to avoid failure on travis.

• Renamed nominal_step and base_step to get_nominal_step and get_base_step, respectively.

• Removed obsolete import of example from hypothesis

• Updated testing

• Updated coverage call: coverage run -m py.test src/numdifftools/tests

• Delete obsolete conftest.py

Version 0.9.39 Jun 10, 2019

Robert Parini (1):

• Fix issue #43: numpy future warning

Version 0.9.38 Jun 10, 2019

Andrew Nelson (1):

• MAINT: special.factorial instead of misc.factorial

Dougal J. Sutherland (1):

• include LICENSE.txt in distributions

Per A Brodtkorb (140):

• Adjusted runtime for hypothesis tests to avoid failure and fixed pep8 failures.
• Fixed a bug in setup.cfg
• Replaced valarray function with numpy.full in step_generators.py
• Added try except on import of algopy
• Updated the badges used in the README.rst
• Replaced numpy.testing.Tester with pytest.
• Removed dependence on pyscaffold.
• Simplified setup.py and setup.cfg
• Updated .travis.yml configuration.
• Reorganized the documentation.
• Ongoing work to simplify the classes.
• Replaced unittest with pytest.
• Added finite_difference.py
• replaced , with .
• Reverted to coverage=4.3.4
• New attempt
• Fixed conflicting import
• Missing import of EPS
• Added missing FD_RULES = {}
• Removed pinned coverage, removed dependence on pyscaffold
• Updated .travis.yml and .appveyor.yml
• Replaced conda channel omnia with conda-forge
• Removed commented out code. Set pyqt=5 in appveyor.yml
• Updated codeclimate checks
• Dropped support for python 3.3 and 3.4. Added support for python 3.6, 3.7
• Simplified code.
• Pinned IPython==5.0 in order to make the testserver not crash.
• Added line_profiler to appveyor.yml
• Removed line_profiler from requirements.txt
• Fix issue #37: Unable to install on Python 2.7
• Added method='backward' to nd_statsmodels.py
• Skip test_profile_numdifftools_profile_hessian and TestDoProfile
• Added missing import of warnings
• Added tests for the scripts from profile_numdifftools.py, _find_default_scale.py and run_benchmark.py.
• Added reason to unittest.skipIf
• Added line_profiler to requirements.
• misssing import of warnings fixed.
• Renamed test so it comes last, because I suspect this test mess up the coverage stats.
• Reordered the tests.
• Added more tests.
• Cleaned up _find_default_scale.py
• Removed link to depsy
• Reverted: install of cython and pip install setuptools
• Disabled sonar-scanner -X for python 3.5 because it crashes.
• Reverted [options.packages.find] to exclude tests again
• Added cython and reverted to pip install setuptools
• Updated sphinx to 1.6.7
• Try to install setuptools with conda instead.
• Added hypothesis and pytest to requirements.readthedocs.txt
• Set version of setuptools==37.0
• Added algopy, statsmodels and numpy to requirements.readthedocs.txt
• Restricted sphinx in the hope that the docs will be generated.
• Removed exclusion of tests/ directory from test coverage.
• Added dependencies into setup.cfg
• Readded six as dependency
• Refactored and removed commented out code.
• Fixed a bug in the docstring example: Made sure the shape passed on to zeros is an integer.
• Fixed c_abs so it works with algopy on python 3.6.
• Fixed flaky test and made it more robust.
• Fixed bug in .travis.yml
• Refactored the taylor function into the Taylor class in order to simplify the code.
• Fixed issue #35 and added tests
• Attempt to simplify complexity
• Made doctests more robust
• Updated project path
• Changed install of algopy
• Fixed small bugs
• Updated docstrings
• Changed Example and Reference to Examples and References in docstrings to comply with numpydoc-style.
• Renamed CHANGES.rst to CHANGELOG.rst
• Renamed source path
• Hack due to a bug in algopy or changed behaviour.
• Small fix.
• Try to reduce complexity
• Reduced cognitive complexity of min_num_steps
• Simplified code in Jacobian
• Merge branch 'master' of
• Fixed issue #34 Licence clarification.
• Locked coverage=4.3.4 due to a bug in coverage that cause code-climate test-reporter to fail.
• Added script for finding default scale
• updated from sonarcube to sonarcloud
• Made sure shape is an integer.
• Refactored make_step_generator into a step property
• Issue warning message to the user when setting the order to something different than 1 or 2 in Hessian.
• Updated example in Gradient.
• Reverted --timid option to coverage because it took too long time to run.
• Reverted --pep8 option
• pep8 + added --timid in .travis.yml coverage run in order to to increase missed coverage.
• Refactored taylor to reduce complexity
• No support for python 3.3. Added python 3.6
• Fixed a small bug and updated test.
• Removed unneccasarry perenthesis. Reduced the complexity of do_profile
• Made python3 compatible
• Removed assert False
• Made unittests more forgiving.
• updated doctest in nd_scipy.py and profiletools.py install line_profiler on travis
• Made python 3 compatible
• Updated tests
• Added test_profiletools.py and capture_stdout_and_stderr in testing.py
• Optimized numdifftools.core.py for speed: fd_rules are now only computed once.
• Only keeping html docs in the distribution.
• Added doctest and updated .pylintrc and requirements.txt
• Reduced time footprint on tests in the hope that it will pass on Travis CI.
• Prefer static methods over instance methods
• Better memory handling: This fixes issue #27
• Added statsmodels to requirements.txt
• Added nd_statsmodels.py
• Simplified input
• Merge branch 'master' of
• Updated link to the documentation.

Robert Parini (4):

• Avoid RuntimeWarning in _get_logn
• Allow fd_derivative to take complex valued functions

solarjoe (1):

• doc: added nd.directionaldiff example

Version 0.9.20, Jan 11, 2017

Per A Brodtkorb (1):

• Updated the author email address in order for twine to be able to upload to pypi.

Version 0.9.19, Jan 11, 2017

Per A Brodtkorb (1):

• Updated setup.py in a attempt to get upload to pypi working again.

Version 0.9.18, Jan 11, 2017

Per A Brodtkorb (38):

• Updated setup
• Added import statements in help header examples.
• Added more rigorous tests using hypothesis.
• Forced to use wxagg backend
• Moved import of matplotlib.pyplot to main in order to avoid import error on travis.
• Added fd_derivative function
• Updated references.
• Attempt to automate sonarcube analysis
• Added testcoverage to sonarqube and codeclimate
• Simplified code
• Added .pylintrc + pep8
• Major change in api: class member variable self.f changed to self.fun
• Fixes issue #25 (Jacobian broken since 0.9.15)

Version 0.9.17, Sep 8, 2016

Andrew Fowlie (1):

• Fix ReadTheDocs link as mentioned in #21

Per A Brodtkorb (79):

• Added test for MinMaxStepgenerator

• Removed obsolete docs from core.py

• Updated appveyor.yml

• Fixed sign in inverse matrix

• Simplified code

• Added appveyor badge + synchronised info.py with README.rst.

• Removed plot in help header

• Added Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5

• Simplified code

• Renamed bicomplex to Bicomplex

• Simplified example_functions.py

• Moved MinStepGenerator, MaxStepGeneretor and MinMaxStepGenerator to step_generators.py

  • Unified the step generators
  • Moved step_generator tests to test_step_generators.py
  • Major simplification of step_generators.py

• Removed duplicated code + pep8

• Moved fornberg_weights to fornberg.py + added taylor and derivative

• Fixed print statement

• Replace xrange with range

• Added examples + made computation more robust.

• Made 'backward' and alias for 'reverse' in nd_algopy.py

• Expanded the tests + added test_docstrings to testing.py

• Replace string interpolation with format()

• Removed obsolete parameter

• Smaller start radius for Fornberg method

• Simplified "n" and "order" properties

• Simplified default_scale

• Removed unecessary parenthesis and code.

• Fixed a bug in Dea + small refactorings.

• Added test for EpsAlg

• Avoid mutable default args and prefer static methods over instance-meth.

• Refactored to reduce cyclomatic complexity

• Changed some instance methods to static methods

• Renamed non-pythonic variable names

• Turned on xvfb (X Virtual Framebuffer) to imitate a display.

• Added extra test for Jacobian

• Replace lambda function with a def

• Removed unused import

• Added test for epsalg

• Fixed test_scalar_to_vector

• Updated test_docstrings

Version 0.9.15, May 10, 2016

Cody (2):

• Migrated % string formating
• Migrated % string formating

Per A Brodtkorb (28):

• Updated README.rst + setup.cfg
• Replaced instance methods with static methods +pep8
• Merge branch 'master' of
• Fixed a bug: replaced missing triple quote
• Added depsy badge
• added .checkignore for quantificode
• Added .codeclimate.yml
• Fixed failing tests
• Changed instance methods to static methods
• Made untyped exception handlers specific
• Replaced local function with a static method
• Simplified tests
• Removed duplicated code Simplified _Derivative._get_function_name
• exclude tests from testclimate
• Renamed test_functions.py to example_functions.py Added test_example_functions.py

Per A. Brodtkorb (2):

• Merge pull request #17 from pbrod/autofix/wrapped2_to3_fix
• Merge pull request #18 from pbrod/autofix/wrapped2_to3_fix-0

pbrod (17):

• updated conf.py
• added numpydoc>=0.5, sphinx_rtd_theme>=0.1.7 to setup_requires if sphinx
• updated setup.py
• added requirements.readthedocs.txt
• Updated README.rst with info about how to install it using conda in an anaconda package.
• updated conda install description
• Fixed number of arguments so it does not differs from overridden '_default_base_step' method
• Added codecov to .travis.yml
• Attempt to remove coverage of test-files
• Added directionaldiff function in order to calculate directional derivatives. Fixes issue #16. Also added supporting tests and examples to the documentation.
• Fixed isssue #19 multiple observations mishandled in Jacobian
• Moved rosen function into numdifftools.testing.py
• updated import of rosen function from numdifftools.testing
• Simplified code + pep8 + added TestResidue
• Updated readme.rst and replaced string interpolation with format()
• Cleaned Dea class + pep8
• Updated references for Wynn extrapolation method.

Version 0.9.14, November 10, 2015

pbrod (53):

• Updated documentation of setup.py
• Updated README.rst
• updated version
• Added more documentation
• Updated example
• Added .landscape.yml updated .coveragerc, .travis.yml
• Added coverageall to README.rst.
• updated docs/index.rst
• Removed unused code and added tests/test_extrapolation.py
• updated tests
• Added more tests
• Readded c_abs c_atan2
• Removed dependence on wheel, numpydoc>=0.5 and sphinx_rtd_theme>=0.1.7 (only needed for building documentation)
• updated conda path in .travis.yml
• added omnia channel to .travis.yml
• Added conda_recipe files Filtered out warnings in limits.py

Version 0.9.13, October 30, 2015

pbrod (21):

• Updated README.rst and CHANGES.rst.
• updated Limits.
• Made it possible to differentiate complex functions and allow zero'th order derivative.
• BUG: added missing derivative order, n to Gradient, Hessian, Jacobian.
• Made test more robust.
• Updated structure in setup according to pyscaffold version 2.4.2.
• Updated setup.cfg and deleted duplicate tests folder.
• removed unused code.
• Added appveyor.yml.
• Added required appveyor install scripts
• Fixed bug in appveyor.yml.
• added wheel to requirements.txt.
• updated appveyor.yml.
• Removed import matplotlib.

Justin Lecher (1):

• Fix min version for numpy.

kikocorreoso (1):

• fix some prints on run_benchmark.py to make it work with py3

Version 0.9.12, August 28, 2015

pbrod (12):

> - Updated documentation. > - Updated version in conf.py. > - Updated CHANGES.rst. > - Reimplemented outlier detection and made it more robust. > - Added limits.py with tests. > - Updated main tests folder. > - Moved Richardson and dea3 to extrapolation.py. > - Making a new release in order to upload to pypi.

Version 0.9.11, August 27, 2015

pbrod (2):

• Fixed sphinx-build and updated docs.
• Fixed issue #9 Backward differentiation method fails with additional parameters.

Version 0.9.10, August 26, 2015

pbrod (7):

• Fixed sphinx-build and updated docs.
• Added more tests to nd_algopy.
• Dropped support for Python 2.6.

Version 0.9.4, August 26, 2015

pbrod (7):

• Fixed sphinx-build and updated docs.

Version 0.9.3, August 23, 2015

Paul Kienzle (1):

• more useful benchmark plots.

pbrod (7):

• Fixed bugs and updated docs.
• Major rewrite of the easy to use interface to Algopy.
• Added possibility to calculate n'th order derivative not just for n=1 in nd_algopy.
• Added tests to the easy to use interface to algopy.

Version 0.9.2, August 20, 2015

pbrod (3):

• Updated documentation
• Added parenthesis to a call to the print function
• Made the test less strict in order to pass the tests on Travis for python 2.6 and 3.2.

Version 0.9.1, August 20,2015

Christoph Deil (1):

• Fix Sphinx build

pbrod (47):

• Total remake of numdifftools with slightly different call syntax.
  • Can compute derivatives of order up to 10-14 depending on function and method used.
  • Updated documentation and tests accordingly.
  • Fixed a bug in dea3.
  • Added StepsGenerator as an replacement for the adaptive option.
  • Added bicomplex class for testing the complex step second derivative.
  • Added fornberg_weights_all for computing optimal finite difference rules in a stable way.
  • Added higher order complex step derivative methods.

Version 0.7.7, December 18, 2014

pbrod (35):

• Got travis-ci working in order to run the tests automatically.
• Fixed bugs in Dea class.
• Fixed better error estimate for the Hessian.
• Fixed tests for python 2.6.
• Adding tests as subpackage.
• Restructerd folders of numdifftools.

Version 0.7.3, December 17, 2014

pbrod (5):

• Small cosmetic fixes.
• pep8 + some refactorings.
• Simplified code by refactoring.

Version 0.6.0, February 8, 2014

pbrod (20):

• Update and rename README.md to README.rst.
• Simplified call to Derivative: removed step_fix.
• Deleted unused code.
• Simplified and Refactored. Now possible to choose step_num=1.
• Changed default step_nom from max(abs(x0), 0.2) to max(log2(abs(x0)), 0.2).
• pep8ified code and made sure that all tests pass.

Version 0.5.0, January 10, 2014

pbrod (9):

• Updated the examples in Gradient class and in info.py.
• Added test for vec2mat and docstrings + cosmetic fixes.
• Refactored code into private methods.
• Fixed issue #7: Derivative(fun)(numpy.ones((10,5)) * 2) failed.
• Made print statements compatible with python 3.

Version 0.4.0, May 5, 2012

pbrod (1)

• Fixed a bug for inf and nan values.

Version 0.3.5, May 19, 2011

pbrod (1)

• Fixed a bug for inf and nan values.

Version 0.3.4, Feb 24, 2011

pbrod (11)

• Made automatic choice for the stepsize more robust.
• Added easy to use interface to the algopy and scientificpython modules.

Version 0.3.1, May 20, 2009

pbrod (4)

• First version of numdifftools published on google.code

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