To help you get started, we've collected the most common ways that blobfile is being used within popular public projects.

openai / procgen / procgen-build / procgen_build / build_package.py View on Github

os.environ["CIBW_ENVIRONMENT"] = (
                os.environ["CIBW_ENVIRONMENT"]
                + " TRAVIS_TAG=" + os.environ["TRAVIS_TAG"]
            )
    elif platform.system() == "Windows":
        init_vsvars()

    run("pip install cibuildwheel==1.0.0")
    run("cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse")

    if have_credentials:
        print("upload wheels", platform.system())
        input_dir = "wheelhouse"
        output_dir = f"gs://{GCS_BUCKET}/builds/"
        for filename in bf.listdir(input_dir):
            src = bf.join(input_dir, filename)
            dst = bf.join(output_dir, filename)
            print(src, "=>", dst)
            bf.copy(src, dst, overwrite=True)

View more ways to use blobfile

blobfile

This is a library that provides a Python-like interface for reading local and remote files (only from blob storage), with an API similar to open() as well as some of the os.path and shutil functions. blobfile supports local paths, Google Cloud Storage paths (gs://), and Azure Blob Storage paths (az:/// or https://.blob.core.windows.net//).

The main function is BlobFile, which lets you open local and remote files that act more or less like local ones. There are also a few additional functions such as basename, dirname, and join, which mostly do the same thing as their os.path namesakes, only they also support GCS paths and ABS paths.

This library is inspired by TensorFlow's gfile but does not have exactly the same interface.

Installation

pip install blobfile

Usage

# write a file, then read it back

import blobfile as bf

with bf.BlobFile("gs://my-bucket-name/cats", "wb") as f:
    f.write(b"meow!")

print("exists:", bf.exists("gs://my-bucket-name/cats"))

with bf.BlobFile("gs://my-bucket-name/cats", "rb") as f:
    print("contents:", f.read())

There are also some examples processing many blobs in parallel.

Here are the functions in blobfile:

• BlobFile - like open() but works with remote paths too, data can be streamed to/from the remote file. It accepts the following arguments:
  • streaming:
    • The default for streaming is True when mode is in "r", "rb" and False when mode is in "w", "wb", "a", "ab".
    • streaming=True:
      • Reading is done without downloading the entire remote file.
      • Writing is done to the remote file directly, but only in chunks of a few MB in size. flush() will not cause an early write.
      • Appending is not implemented.
    • streaming=False:
      • Reading is done by downloading the remote file to a local file during the constructor.
      • Writing is done by uploading the file on close() or during destruction.
      • Appending is done by downloading the file during construction and uploading on close().
  • buffer_size: number of bytes to buffer, this can potentially make reading more efficient.
  • cache_dir: a directory in which to cache files for reading, only valid if streaming=False and mode is in "r", "rb". You are reponsible for cleaning up the cache directory.
  • file_size: size of the file being opened, can be specified directly to avoid checking the file size when opening the file. While this will avoid a network request, it also means that you may get an error when first reading a file that does not exist rather than when opening it. Only valid for modes "r" and "rb". This valid will be ignored for local files.

Some are inspired by existing os.path and shutil functions:

• copy - copy a file from one path to another, this will do a remote copy between two remote paths on the same blob storage service
• exists - returns True if the file or directory exists
• glob/scanglob - return files matching a glob-style pattern as a generator. Globs can have surprising performance characteristics when used with blob storage. Character ranges are not supported in patterns.
• isdir - returns True if the path is a directory
• listdir/scandir - list contents of a directory as a generator
• makedirs - ensure that a directory and all parent directories exist
• remove - remove a file
• rmdir - remove an empty directory
• rmtree - remove a directory tree
• stat - get the size and modification time of a file
• walk - walk a directory tree with a generator that yields (dirpath, dirnames, filenames) tuples
• basename - get the final component of a path
• dirname - get the path except for the final component
• join - join 2 or more paths together, inserting directory separators between each component

There are a few bonus functions:

• get_url - returns a url for a path (usable by an HTTP client without any authentication) along with the expiration for that url (or None)
• md5 - get the md5 hash for a path, for GCS this is often fast, but for other backends this may be slow. On Azure, if the md5 of a file is calculated and is missing from the file, the file will be updated with the calculated md5.
• set_mtime - set the modified timestamp for a file
• configure - set global configuration options for blobfile
  • log_callback=default_log_fn: a log callback function log(msg: string) to use instead of printing to stdout. If you use parallel=True, you probably want to use a log callback function that is pickleable.
  • connection_pool_max_size=32: the max size for each per-host connection pool
  • max_connection_pool_count=10: the maximum count of per-host connection pools
  • azure_write_chunk_size=8 * 2 ** 20: the size of blocks to write to Azure Storage blobs in bytes, can be set to a maximum of 100MB. This determines both the unit of request retries as well as the maximum file size, which is 50,000 * azure_write_chunk_size.
  • google_write_chunk_size=8 * 2 ** 20: the size of blocks to write to Google Cloud Storage blobs in bytes, this only determines the unit of request retries.
  • retry_log_threshold=0: set a retry count threshold above which to log failures to the log callback function
  • retry_common_log_threshold=2: set a retry count threshold above which to log very common failures to the log callback function
  • connect_timeout=10: the maximum amount of time (in seconds) to wait for a connection attempt to a server to succeed, set to None to wait forever
  • read_timeout=30: the maximum amount of time (in seconds) to wait between consecutive read operations for a response from the server, set to None to wait forever
  • output_az_paths=True: output az:// paths instead of using the https:// for azure
  • use_azure_storage_account_key_fallback=False: fallback to storage account keys for azure containers, having this enabled requires listing your subscriptions and may run into 429 errors if you hit the low azure quotas for subscription listing
  • get_http_pool=None: a function that returns a urllib3.PoolManager to be used for requests
  • use_streaming_read=False: if set to True, use a single read per file instead of reading a chunk at a time (not recommended for azure)
  • default_buffer_size=io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE: the default buffer size to use for reading files (and writing local files)
  • save_access_token_to_disk=True: if set to True to save access tokens to disk so that other processes can read the access tokens to avoid the small amount of time it usually takes to get a token (if the token is still valid).
  • multiprocessing_start_method="spawn": the start method to use when creating processes for parallel work
• create_context - (same arguments as configure), creates a new instance of blobfile with a custom configuration instead of modifying the global configuration

Authentication

Google Cloud Storage

The following methods will be tried in order:

1. Check the environment variable GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS for a path to service account credentials in JSON format.
2. Check for "application default credentials". To setup application default credentials, run gcloud auth application-default login.
3. Check for a GCE metadata server (if running on GCE) and get credentials from that service.

Azure Blobs

The following methods will be tried in order:

1. If AZURE_USE_IDENTITY=1 is set, use DefaultAzureCredential from the azure-identity package to acquire tokens. Note: your application must install the azure-identity package; blobfile does not specify it as a required dependency.
2. Check the environment variable AZURE_STORAGE_KEY for an azure storage account key (these are per-storage account shared keys described in https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/storage/common/storage-account-keys-manage)
3. Check the environment variable AZURE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS which should point to JSON credentials for a service principal output by the command az ad sp create-for-rbac --name
4. Check the environment variables AZURE_CLIENT_ID, AZURE_CLIENT_SECRET, AZURE_TENANT_ID corresponding to a service principal described in the previous step but without the JSON file.
5. Check the environment variable AZURE_STORAGE_CONNECTION_STRING for an Azure Storage connection string
6. Use credentials from the az command line tool if they can be found.

If access using credentials fails, anonymous access will be tried. blobfile supports public access for containers marked as public, but not individual blobs.

Paths

For Google Cloud Storage and Azure Blobs, directories don't really exist. These storage systems store the files in a single flat list. The "/" separators are just part of the filenames and there is no need to call the equivalent of os.mkdir on one of these systems.

To make local behavior consistent with the remote storage systems, missing local directories will be created automatically when opening a file in write mode.

Local

These are just normal paths for the current machine, e.g. /root/hello.txt

Google Cloud Storage

GCS paths have the format gs:///, you cannot perform any operations on gs:// itself.

Azure Blobs

Azure Blobs URLs have the format az:/// or https://.blob.core.windows.net//. The highest you can go up the hierarchy is az:////, blobfile cannot perform any operations on az:///. The https:// url is the output format by default, but the az:// urls are accepted as inputs and you can set output_az_paths=True to get az:// urls as output.

Errors

• Error - base class for library-specific exceptions
• RequestFailure(Error) - a request has failed permanently, the status code can be found in the property response_status:int and an error code, if available, is in error:Optional[str].
• RestartableStreamingWriteFailure(RequestFailure) - a streaming write has failed permanently, which requires restarting from the beginning of the stream.
• ConcurrentWriteFailure(RequestFailure) - a write failed because another process was writing to the same file at the same time.
• VersionMismatch(RequestFailure) - a write failed because the remote file did not match the version specified by the user.
• The following generic exceptions are raised from some functions to make the behavior similar to the original versions: FileNotFoundError, FileExistsError, IsADirectoryError, NotADirectoryError, OSError, ValueError, io.UnsupportedOperation

Logging

blobfile will keep retrying transient errors until they succeed or a permanent error is encountered (which will raise an exception). In order to make diagnosing stalls easier, blobfile will log when retrying requests.

To route those log lines, use configure(log_callback=) to set a callback function which will be called whenever a log line should be printed. The default callback prints to stdout with the prefix blobfile:.

Using the logging module

If you use the python logging module, you can have blobfile log there:

bf.configure(log_callback=logging.getLogger("blobfile").warning)

While blobfile does not use the python logging module by default, it does use other libraries which use that module. So if you configure the python logging module, you may need to change the settings to adjust logging behavior:

• urllib3: logging.getLogger("urllib3").setLevel(logging.ERROR)
• filelock: logging.getLogger("filelock").setLevel(logging.ERROR)

Also, as a tip, make sure to use a format that tells you the name of the logger:

logging.basicConfig(format="%(asctime)s [%(name)s] %(levelname)s: %(message)s", level=logging.WARNING)

This will let you see which package is producing log messages.

Safety

The library should be thread safe and fork safe with the following exceptions:

• A BlobFile instance is not thread safe (only 1 thread should own a BlobFile instance at a time)
• Calls to bf.configure() are not thread-safe and should ideally happen before performing any operations

Concurrent Writers

Google Cloud Storage supports multiple writers for the same blob and the last one to finish should win. However, in the event of a large number of simultaneous writers, the service will return 429 or 503 errors and most writers will stall. In this case, write to different blobs instead.

Azure Blobs doesn't support multiple writers for the same blob. With the way BlobFile is currently configured, the last writer to start writing will win. Other writers will get a ConcurrentWriteFailure. In addition, all writers could fail if the file size is large and there are enough concurrent writers. In this case, you can write to a temporary blob (with a random filename), copy it to the final location, and then delete the original. The copy will be within a container so it should be fast.

Changes

See CHANGES

Contributing

Create testing buckets for each cloud provider with appropriate credentials.

To make a new release:

• Update CHANGES.md
• Update blobfile/VERSION
• rm -rf build dist
• python -m build .
• twine upload dist/*
• Tag the release on Github

Testing

This will auto-format the code, check the types, and then run the tests:

python testing/run.py

Run a single test:

python testing/run.py -v -s -k test_windowed_file

Modify testing/run.py if you only want to do some of these things. The tests are rather slow, ~7 minutes to run (even though large file tests are disabled) and require accounts with every cloud provider.