How to use the django.shortcuts.render function in Django

def payment_made_paypal(request, artist_id):
    artist = get_object_or_404(Artist.objects.viewable_by(request.user), pk=artist_id)
    payment = None
    if request.method == "POST":
        ipn_received.send(None, query=request.body)
        try:
            signer = Signer()
            item_number = request.POST['item_number']
            payment_id = signer.unsign(item_number)
            payment = Payment.objects.get(id=payment_id)
        except (KeyError, BadSignature, Payment.DoesNotExist):
            pass
    return render(request, "artshow/payment_made_paypal.html",
                  {"artist": artist, "payment": payment, "pr_pk": settings.ARTSHOW_PAYMENT_RECEIVED_PK})

l.save()            
            return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse(letter_templates))
    else:
        form = LetterTemplateForm()
        form.fields['unit'].choices = unit_choices 

    page_title = 'New Letter Template'  
    crumb = 'New'
    lt = sorted(LETTER_TAGS.iteritems()) 
    context = {
               'form': form,
               'page_title' : page_title,
               'crumb' : crumb,
               'LETTER_TAGS' : lt
               }
    return render(request, 'grad/new_letter_template.html', context)

try:
			room = ChatRoom.objects.get(eid=room_id)
			cmsgs = ChatMessage.objects.filter(
				room=room).order_by('-date')[:50]
			msgs = []
			for msg in reversed(cmsgs):
				msgs.append(msg.to_data())
		except ChatRoom.DoesNotExist:
			msgs = []

		context = {}
		context['room_id'] = room_id
		context['last_id'] = last_id
		context['messages'] = msgs
		context['user'] = user
		return render(request, 'chat/chat.html', context)
	else:
		context = {}
		context['room_id'] = room_id or 'default'
		return render(request, 'chat/join.html', context)

except Exception as e:
                logger.error(e)
                try:
                    if attendee is not None:
                        Attendee.objects.delete(attendee)
                    if attendance_date is not None:
                        AttendeeAttendanceDate.objects.delete(attendance_date)
                except Exception:
                    pass
        messages.error(
            request,
            _(
                "The attendee couldn't be registered (check form errors)"
            )
        )
    return render(
        request,
        'registration/attendee/by-collaborator.html',
        update_event_info(
            event_slug,
            event_uid,
            request,
            {'form': form}
        )

def certexpired(request, page=None, order=None):
    if(page==None):
        return HttpResponsePermanentRedirect("expired/1")


    page = int(page)

    list_of_certs = []

    paginator = Paginator(MetadataCountQuerySet(Certificate.objects.filter(not_after__lt=timezone.now()), 'number_of_expired_certs'), ITEMS_PER_PAGE)
#    paginator = Paginator(Certificate.objects.filter(not_after__lt=timezone.now()), ITEMS_PER_PAGE)
    if(page in paginator.page_range):
        list_of_certs = paginator.page(page)

    return render(request, 'observer/certs.html',
        {
            'list_of_certs': list_of_certs
        }

continue
            if type(v) is list and len(v) == 1:
                v = v[0]
            data[k] = v

        proposal = GrantProposal(grant_id=grant.id, data=json.dumps(data))

        # assume any file is image
        if request.FILES:
            proposal.image = request.FILES[request.FILES.keys()[0]]

        proposal.save()
        messages.success(request, 'We have recieved your submission. Thanks!')
        return redirect('commissions_index')

    return render(request, grant.template, {'grant': grant})

def add_manufacturer(request, template_name="manage/manufacturers/add_manufacturer.html"):
    """Form and logic to add a manufacturer.
    """
    if request.method == "POST":
        form = ManufacturerAddForm(data=request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            new_manufacturer = form.save()
            return HttpResponseRedirect(
                reverse("lfs_manage_manufacturer", kwargs={"manufacturer_id": new_manufacturer.id}))

    else:
        form = ManufacturerAddForm()

    return render(request, template_name, {
        "form": form,
        "selectable_manufacturers_inline": selectable_manufacturers_inline(request, 0),
        "came_from": (request.POST if request.method == 'POST' else request.GET).get("came_from",
                                                                                     reverse("lfs_manufacturer_dispatcher")),
    })

max_nr = resource.relations_to.filter(predicate=__extent__).aggregate(Max('sort_order'))
            sort_order = 0 if max_nr.get('sort_order__max') is None else int(max_nr.get('sort_order__max')) + 1
            Relation.objects.create(**{
                'source': content_region,
                'target': resource,
                'predicate': __extent__,
                'container': resource.container,
                'sort_order': sort_order,
            })

            if on_valid:
                return HttpResponseRedirect(on_valid)

    context.update({'form': form})

    return render(request, 'define_resource_content_region.html', context)