To help you get started, we've collected the most common ways that primus is being used within popular public projects.

Primus

Primus, the creator god of transformers but now also known as universal wrapper for real-time frameworks. There are a lot of real-time frameworks available for Node.js and they all have different opinions on how real-time should be done. Primus provides a common low level interface to communicate in real-time using various real-time frameworks.

Advantages

1. Effortless switching between real-time frameworks by changing one single line of code. No more API rewrites needed when your project requirements change, the framework gets abandoned or simply breaks down.
2. Built-in reconnect, it just works. The reconnect is controlled by a randomised exponential back-off algorithm to reduce server stress.
3. Offline detection, Primus is smart enough to detect when users drop their internet connection (switching WIFI points/cell towers for example) and reconnects when they are back online.
4. Automatically encodes and decodes messages using custom parsers. Can be easily switched for binary encoding for example.
5. A clean, stream-compatible interface for the client and server. You can just stream#pipe data around. In addition to that, the client works on Node.js as well, write once, run it everywhere.
6. Fixes various of bugs in the supported frameworks and additional stability patches to improve real-time communication.
7. Comes with an amazing plugin interface to keep the core library as fast and lean as possible while still allowing the server and the client to be extended.
8. Last but not least, Primus is built with love, passion and dedication to the real-time web.

Installation

Primus is released on npm and can be installed using:

npm install primus --save

Before Starting

If you deploy your application behind a reverse proxy (Nginx, HAProxy, etc.) you might need to add WebSocket specific settings to its configuration files. If you intend to use WebSockets, please ensure that these settings have been added. There are some example configuration files available in the observing/balancerbattle repository.

Table of Contents

• Introduction
  • Advantages
• Installation
• Getting started
  • Client library
• Connecting from the browser
• Connecting from the server
• Authorization
• Broadcasting
• Destruction
• Events
• Heartbeats and latency
• Supported real-time frameworks
  • BrowserChannel
  • Engine.IO
  • Faye
  • SockJS
  • uws
  • WebSockets
• Transformer inconsistencies
• Parsers
• Middleware
• Plugins
  • Extending the Spark / Socket
  • Transforming and intercepting messages
  • Primus project plugins
  • Community plugins
• Community
• FAQ
  • Scaling
  • Cluster
  • Express
  • RequireJS
  • Custom headers
• Versioning
  • History
  • Convention
  • Release cycle
• Other languages
  • Protocol
• License

Getting started

Primus doesn't ship with real-time frameworks as dependencies, it assumes that you as user add them yourself as a dependency. This is done to keep the module as lightweight as possible. This works because require in will walk through your directories searching for node_module folders that have these matching dependencies.

Primus needs to be "attached" to a HTTP compatible server. These includes the built-in http and https servers but also the spdy module as it has the same API as node servers. Creating a new Primus instance is relatively straightforward:

'use strict';

var Primus = require('primus')
  , http = require('http');

var server = http.createServer(/* request handler */)
  , primus = new Primus(server, {/* options */});

The following options can be provided:

Name	Description	Default
authorization	Authorization handler	null
pathname	The URL namespace that Primus can own	/primus
parser	Message encoder for all communication	JSON
transformer	The transformer we should use internally	websockets
plugin	The plugins that should be applied	{}
pingInterval	Interval at which heartbeats are sent	30000
global	Set a custom client class / global name	Primus
compression	Use permessage-deflate / HTTP compression	false
maxLength	Maximum allowed packet size, in bytes	10485760
transport	Transformer specific configuration	{}
idGenerator	Custom spark id generator function	undefined
origins	cors List of origins	*
methods	cors List of accepted HTTP methods	GET,HEAD,PUT,POST,DELETE,OPTIONS
credentials	cors Allow sending of credentials	true
maxAge	cors Cache duration of CORS preflight	30 days
headers	cors Allowed headers	false
exposed	cors Headers exposed to the client	false

The options that are prefixed with cors are supplied to our access-control module which handles HTTP Access Control (CORS), so for a more detailed explanation of these options check it out.

The transport option allows you to use any configuration option supported by the underlying real-time framework. Its use is discouraged as these options are framework specific and no longer work if you change transformer. Our advise is to use it only if you know what you are doing and if you need fine-grained control over the real-time framework. Please also keep in mind that some of these options are overriden by Primus.

The pingInterval option specifies the interval at which heartbeats are transmitted. It is possible to completely disable the heartbeats by setting the value of the pingInterval option to false.

The idGenerator option can be used to define a function which will be called to set each spark.id. The generator function should return a unique string each time it is invoked. If idGenerator is not defined, Primus will try to use ids provided by the transformer. If the transformer does not provide ids, Primus will use nanoid to generate Spark ids.

If you don't have a pre-existing server where you want or can attach your Primus server to you can also use the Primus.createServer convenience method. The createServer method will automatically:

• Setup a HTTP, HTTPS or SPDY server for you on the given port number.
• Setup your Primus server with the given configuration.
• Listen on the HTTP, HTTPS, SPDY server.
• Attach a primus.on('connection') listener.
• Return the created Primus instance.

Primus.createServer(function connection(spark) {

}, { port: 8080, transformer: 'websockets' });

In the above example we automatically create a HTTP server which will listen on port 8080, a primus instance with the websockets transformer and start listening for incoming connections. The supplied function in the Primus.createServer method is optional. You can just listen for incoming connections your self using the returned Primus instance. If you want to listen to a HTTPS or SPDY server, which is recommended, you can directly pass the SPDY and HTTPS certs/keys/pfx files in the options object:

var primus = Primus.createServer({
  port: 443,
  root: '/folder/with/https/cert/files',
  cert: 'myfilename.cert',
  key: 'myfilename.cert',
  ca: 'myfilename.ca',
  pfx: 'filename.pfx',
  passphrase: 'my super sweet password'
});

primus.on('connection', function (spark) {
  spark.write('hello connnection');
});

Primus.createServer returns a warning when it starts a HTTP server. The warning advises you to use a HTTPS server and can be disabled setting the option iknowhttpsisbetter to true.

Client library

As most libraries come with their own client-side framework for making the connection we've also created a small wrapper for this. The library can be retrieved using:

primus.library();

Which returns the client-side library as a string (which can then be minified or even have more code added to it). It does not come pre-minified as that is out of the scope of this project. You can store this on a CDN or on your static server. Do whatever you want with it, but remember to regenerate it every time you change Primus server options. This is important because some properties of the client are set using the server configuration. For example if you change the pathname, the client should be regenerated to reflect that change and work correctly. We advise you to regenerate the library every time you redeploy so you always have a client compatible with your back-end. To save the file you can use:

primus.save(__dirname +'/primus.js');

This will store the compiled library in your current directory. If you want to save it asynchronously, you can supply the method with a callback method:

primus.save(__dirname +'/primus.js', function save(err) {

});

But to make it easier for you during development we've automatically added an extra route to the supplied HTTP server, this will serve the library for you so you don't have to save it. Please note, that this route isn't optimised for serving static assets and should only be used during development. In your HTML page add:

As you can see, it will use the /primus pathname by default. Primus needs to own the whole path/namespace in order to function properly as it will forward all other requests directly in to the transformers so they can work their magic. If you already have a static folder with the name primus you can change the pathname to something different and still make this work. But you would of course need to update the src attribute of the script tag to set the correct location. It's always available at:

:////primus.js

Here `` is the pathname set in server options above. The client is cross domain compatible so you don't have to serve it from the same domain you're running Primus on. But please note, that the real-time framework you're using might be tied to same domain restrictions.

Once you're all set up you can start listening for connections. These connections are announced through the connection event.

primus.on('connection', function (spark) {
  // spark is the new connection.
});

Disconnects are announced using a disconnection event:

primus.on('disconnection', function (spark) {
  // the spark that disconnected
});

The spark argument is the actual real-time socket/connection. Sparks have a really low level interface and only expose a couple properties that are cross engine supported. The interface is modeled towards a Node.js stream compatible interface. So this will include all methods that are available on the stream interface including Spark#pipe.

spark.headers

The spark.headers property contains the headers of either the request that started a handshake with the server or the headers of the actual real-time connection. This depends on the module you are using.

Please note that sending custom headers from the client to the server is impossible as not all transports that these transformers support can add custom headers to a request (JSONP for example). If you need to send custom data, use a query string when connecting

spark.address

The spark.address property contains the ip and port of the connection. If you're running your server behind a reverse proxy it will automatically use the x-forwarded-for header. This way you will always have the address of the connecting client and not the IP address of your proxy.

Please note that the port is probably out of date by the time you're going to read it as it's retrieved from an old request, not the request that is active at the time you access this property.

spark.query

The spark.query contains the query string you used to connect to the server. It's parsed as an object. Please note that this may not be available for all supported transformers.

spark.socket

The spark.socket is set to the underlying socket of the transformer. This is not necessarily a raw Socket and will differ from transformer to transformer.

spark.id

This is a unique id that we use to identify this single connection with. Normally the frameworks refer to this as a sessionid, which is confusing as it's only used for the duration of one single connection. You should not see this as a "session id", and rather expect it to change between disconnects and reconnects.

spark.request

The spark.request gives you access to the HTTP request that was used to initiate the real-time connection with the server. Please note that this request is already answered and closed (in most cases) so do not attempt to write or answer it anyway. But it might be useful to access methods that get added by middleware layers, etc.

spark.write(data)

You can use the spark.write method to send data over the socket. The data is automatically encoded for you using the parser that you've set while creating the Primus server instance. This method always returns true on success and false on failure so back pressure isn't handled.

spark.write({ foo: 'bar' });

spark.end(data, options)

You can use spark.end to close the connection. This method takes two optional arguments. The first, if provided, is the data to send to the client before closing the connection. The second is an options object used to customize the behavior of the method. By default the spark.end method closes the connection in a such way that the client knows it was intentional and it doesn't attempt a reconnection.

spark.end(); // the client doesn't reconnect automatically

You can change this behavior and trigger a client-side reconnection using the reconnect option.

spark.end(undefined, { reconnect: true }); // trigger a client-side reconnection

spark.emits(event, parser)

This method is mostly used internally. It works similarly to the native bind function, returning a function that emits the assigned event every time it's called. If the last argument is a function, it will be used to parse the arguments of the returned function. The parser is optional and always async, its first argument is a callback that follows the usual error first pattern, all successive arguments are the ones to parse. Using the parser you can reduce the arguments down to a single value, remove them completely or prevent the event from being emitted. See emits for detailed usage instructions.

spark.emits('event', function parser(next, structure) {
  next(undefined, structure.data);
});

Please note that the data that is received here isn't decoded yet.

spark.on('data')

The data event is emitted when a message is received from the client. It's automatically decoded by the specified decoder.

spark.on('data', function message(data) {
  // the message we've received.
});

spark.on('end')

The end event is emitted when the client has disconnected.

primus.on('connection', function (spark) {
  console.log('connection has the following headers', spark.headers);
  console.log('connection was made from', spark.address);
  console.log('connection id', spark.id);

  spark.on('data', function (data) {
    console.log('received data from the client', data);

    //
    // Always close the connection if we didn't receive our secret imaginary
    // handshake.
    //
    if ('foo' !== data.secrethandshake) spark.end();
    spark.write({ foo: 'bar' });
    spark.write('banana');
  });

  spark.write('Hello world');
})

Connecting from the Browser

Primus comes with its client framework which can be compiled using primus.library() as mentioned above. To create a connection you can simply create a new Primus instance:

var primus = new Primus(url, { options });

//
// But it can be easier, with some syntax sugar.
//
var primus = Primus.connect(url, { options });

The URL should confirm the following conditions:

• It should include the protocol it needs to connect with. This can either be http or https. We recommend that you're using HTTPS for all your connections as this prevents connection blocking by firewalls and anti-virus programs.
• The URL should not include a pathname. The pathname is configured by the server (See: getting-started) and needs to be configured there as it will be compiled in to the primus.js client file.

If no url argument is passed, it will default to the current URL.

The following options can be provided:

Name	Description	Default
reconnect	Configures the exponential back off	{}
timeout	Connect time out	10000 ms
pingTimeout	Max time to wait for a server ping	45000 ms
strategy	Our reconnect strategies	"disconnect,online,timeout"
manual	Manually open the connection	false
websockets	Should we use WebSockets	Boolean, is detected
network	Use native online/offline detection	Boolean, is feature detected
transport	Transport specific configuration	{}
queueSize	Number of messages that can be queued	Infinity

There are 2 important options that we're going to look a bit closer at.

Reconnect

When the connection goes down unexpectedly an automatic reconnect process is started. It uses a randomised exponential back-off algorithm to prevent clients from DDoSing your server when you reboot as they will all be re-connecting at different times. The reconnection can be configured using the options argument in Primus and you should add these options to the reconnect property:

Name	Description	Default
max	Maximum delay for a reconnection attempt	Infinity
min	Minimum delay for a reconnection attempt	500 ms
retries	Maximum amount of attempts	10
reconnect timeout	Maximum time for an attempt to complete	30000 ms
factor	Exponential back off factor	2

primus = Primus.connect(url, {
  reconnect: {
      max: Infinity // Number: The max delay before we try to reconnect.
    , min: 500 // Number: The minimum delay before we try reconnect.
    , retries: 10 // Number: How many times we should try to reconnect.
  }
});

When you're going to customize min please note that it will grow exponentially e.g. 500 -> 1000 -> 2000 -> 4000 -> 8000 and is randomized so expect to have slightly higher or lower values.

Please note that when we reconnect, we will receive a new connection event on the server and a new open event on the client, as the previous connection was completely dead and should therefore be considered a new connection.

If you are interested in learning more about the backoff algorithm you might want to read https://dthain.blogspot.nl/2009/02/exponential-backoff-in-distributed.html

Strategy

The strategy allows you to configure when you want a reconnect operation to kick in. We're providing some sane defaults for this but we still want to provide users with highest level of customization:

disconnect

Reconnect when we detect an unintentional disconnect in the connection.

online

Reconnect when the browser went from an offline event to an online event.

timeout

Reconnect when we failed to establish our initial connection. This can happen because we took too long to connect or because there was an error while we tried to connect (which happens when you connect to a dead server)

You can supply these options as a comma-separated String:

var primus = new Primus(url, { strategy: 'online, timeout, disconnect' })

Or as an Array:

var primus = new Primus(url, { strategy: [ 'online', 'timeout', 'disconnect' ]});

We'll try to normalize everything as much as possible, we toLowerCase everything and join it back to a readable string so if you wrote dIsconNect it will get normalized to disconnect.

If you are using authentication you should disable the timeout strategy as there is no way of detecting the difference between a failed authorization and a failed connect. If you leave this enabled with authorization every unauthorized access will try to reconnect again.

We automatically disable this for you when you've set the authorization before you save the library.

But there are always use cases where reconnection is not advised for your application. In these cases we've provided a way to completely disable the reconnection, this is done by setting the strategy to false:

var primus = new Primus(url, { strategy: false });

If you want to manually control the reconnection you can call primus.end() to close the connection and primus.open() to establish a new one. Be sure to use primus.open() correctly, see below for details.

transport

The transport object allows you to add a transport specific configuration. We only recommend using this if you understand and accept the following consequences:

• Primus will try to override configuration properties that are needed to ensure a correct functioning.
• We might start using options without any announcement or major version bump.
• Expect your client and its connection to malfunction once you switch between different transports, as these configurations are specific to the bundled transformer library/client.
• Bugs and bug reports caused by using this functionality are closed immediately.

Having that said, this gives you total freedom while still getting the benefits of Primus.

primus.open()

This method opens a connection with the server. By default it is called automatically when the Primus instance is created, but there are cases where it's desirable to open the connection manually. To do this set the manual option to true and when you have the Primus instance call the method:

primus.open();

When you call primus.open() you should make sure that the connection is totally dead (e.g. after an end event) and primus isn't already trying or planning to reconnect.

primus.write(message)

Once you've created your Primus instance you're ready to go. When you want to write data to your server you can just call the .write method:

primus.write('message');

It automatically encodes your messages using the parser that you've specified on the server. So sending objects back and forth between the server is nothing different then just writing:

primus.write({ foo: 'bar' });

When you are sending messages to the server, you don't have to wait for the open event to happen, the client will automatically buffer all the data you've send and automatically write it to the server once it's connected. The client supports a couple of different events.

primus.on('data')

The data event is the most important event of the whole library. It's emitted when we receive data from the server. The data that is received is already decoded by the specified parser.

primus.on('data', function message(data) {
  console.log('Received a new message from the server', data);
});

primus.on('open')

The open event is emitted when we've successfully created a connection with the server. It will also be emitted when we've successfully reconnected after the connection goes down unintentionally.

primus.on('open', function open() {
  console.log('Connection is alive and kicking');
});

primus.on('error')

The error event is emitted when something breaks that is out of our control. Unlike Node.js, we do not throw an error if no error event listener is specified. In general, when there is an active connection, it is not directly closed when an error event is emitted. The cause of an error, in fact, could be that the parser failed to encode or decode a message. In this case we only emit the error, discard the message and keep the connection alive. An error event can also be emitted when a connection fails to establish. When this happens the client automatically tries to reconnect, unless the connection gets closed for some other reason. The only exception is when there is an authorization hook. If we get an error when connecting to a server where authorization is required, we simply close the connection, as we can't determinate if the error is the result of an unauthorized access or not.

primus.on('error', function error(err) {
  console.error('Something horrible has happened', err.stack);
});

primus.on('reconnect')

The reconnect event is emitted when we're attempting to reconnect to the server. This all happens transparently and it's just a way for you to know when these reconnects are actually happening.

primus.on('reconnect', function (opts) {
  console.log('Reconnection attempt started');
});

primus.on('reconnect scheduled')

Looks a lot like the reconnect event mentioned above, but it's emitted when we've detected that connection went/is down and we're going to start a reconnect operation. This event would be ideal to update your application's UI when the connection is down and you are trying to reconnect in x seconds.

primus.on('reconnect scheduled', function (opts) {
  console.log('Reconnecting in %d ms', opts.scheduled);
  console.log('This is attempt %d out of %d', opts.attempt, opts.retries);
});

primus.on('reconnected')

The client successfully reconnected with the server.

primus.on('reconnected', function (opts) {
  console.log('It took %d ms to reconnect', opts.duration);
});

primus.on('reconnect timeout')

The reconnect timeout event is emitted when a reconnection attempt takes too much time. This can happen for example when the server does not answer a request in a timely manner.

primus.on('reconnect timeout', function (err, opts) {
  console.log('Timeout expired: %s', err.message);
});

After this event a whole new reconnection procedure is automatically started, so you don't have to worry about it.

primus.on('reconnect failed')

This event is emitted when the reconnection failed, for example when all attempts to reconnect have been unsuccessful.

primus.on('reconnect failed', function (err, opts) {
  console.log('The reconnection failed: %s', err.message);
});

primus.on('end')

The end event is emitted when we've closed the connection. When this event is emitted you should consider your connection to be fully dead with no way of reconnecting. But it's also emitted when the server closes the connection.

primus.on('end', function () {
  console.log('Connection closed');
});

primus.end()

When you want to close the connection you can call the primus.end() method. After this the connection should be considered dead and a new connection needs to be made using Primus.connect(url) or primus = new Primus(url) if you want to talk with the server again.

primus.end();

primus.destroy()

This method literally destroys the primus instance. Internally it calls the primus.end() method but it also frees some potentially heavy objects like the underlying socket, the timers, the message transformers, etc. It also removes all the event listeners but before doing that it emits a final destroy event. Keep in mind that once this method is executed, you can no longer use primus.open() on the same primus instance.

primus.on('destroy', function () {
  console.log('Feel the power of my lasers!');
});

primus.destroy();

primus.emits(event, parser)

This method is analogous to the spark.emits method. It returns a function that emits the given event every time it's called. See emits for detailed usage instructions.

primus.emits('event', function parser(next, structure) {
  next(undefined, structure.data);
});

primus.id(callback)

There are cases where it is necessary to retrieve the spark.id from the client. To make this easier, we added a primus.id() method that takes a callback function to which the id will be passed.

primus.id(function (id) {
  console.log(id);
});

Connecting from the server

There are two ways of creating a server side client.

1. When you've created your primus instance you can access the Socket property on it. This Socket is automatically configured to connect to the correct pathname, using the same transformer and parser that you've specified when you created your primus instance.

   var primus = new Primus(server, { transformer: transformer, parser: parser })
     , Socket = primus.Socket;
   
   var client = new Socket('https://localhost:8080');
   //
   // It has the same interface as the client, so you can just socket.write or
   // listen for the `open` events etc.
   //
   

2. You might need to connect from a different node process where you don't have access to your primus instance and the compatible Socket instance. For these cases there a special createSocket method where you can specify the transformer, parser, plugin that you are using on your server to create another compatible socket.

   var Primus = require('primus') // Primus library from npm install primus
     , Socket = Primus.createSocket({ transformer: transformer, parser: parser })
     , client = new Socket('https://localhost:8080');
   

When you are using plugins with Primus make sure you add them before you reference the primus.Socket or it will compile a client without your plugins. If you're using the Primus.createSocket api you can directly supply the plugins as part of the options as it supports plugin object:

var Socket = Primus.createSocket({
  transformer: transformer,
  parser: parser,
  plugin: {
    'my-emitter': require('my-emitter'),
    'substream': require('substream')
  }
});

The constructor returned by primus.Socket or Primus.createSocket has the same signature of the constructor used to connect from the browser. This means that you can use all the options mentioned in the previous section:

var Socket = Primus.createSocket()
  , client = new Socket('https://localhost:8080', { options });

If you do not know which transformer and parser are used on the server, we expose a small JSON "spec" file that exposes this information. The specification can be reached on the //spec and will output the following JSON document:

{
  "version":"2.4.0",
  "pathname":"/primus",
  "parser":"json",
  "transformer":"websockets"
}

Authorization

Server

Primus has a built-in auth hook that allows you to leverage the basic auth header to validate the connection. To setup the optional auth hook, use the Primus#authorize method:

var authParser = require('basic-auth-parser');

//
// Add hook on server
//
primus.authorize(function (req, done) {
  var auth;

  try { auth = authParser(req.headers['authorization']) }
  catch (ex) { return done(ex) }

  //
  // Do some async auth check
  //
  authCheck(auth, done);
});

primus.on('connection', function (spark) {
  //
  // You only get here if you make it through the auth hook!
  //
});

In this particular case, if an error is passed to done by authCheck or the exception handler then the connection attempt will never make it to the primus.on('connection') handler.

The error you pass can either be a string or an object. If an object, it can have the following properties which affect the response sent to the client:

• statusCode: The HTTP status code returned to the client. Defaults to 401.
• authenticate: If set and statusCode is 401 then a WWW-Authenticate header is added to the response, with a value equal to the authenticate property's value.
• message: The error message returned to the client. The response body will be {error: message}, JSON-encoded.

If the error you pass is a string then a 401 response is sent to the client with no WWW-Authenticate header and the string as the error message.

For example to send 500 when an exception is caught, 403 for forbidden users and details of the basic auth scheme being used when authentication fails:

primus.authorize(function (req, done) {
  var auth;

  if (req.headers.authorization) {
    try { auth = authParser(req.headers.authorization) }
    catch (ex) {
      ex.statusCode = 500;
      return done(ex);
    }

    if ((auth.scheme === 'myscheme') &&
        checkCredentials(auth.username, auth.password)) {
      if (userAllowed(auth.username)) {
        return done();
      } else {
        return done({ statusCode: 403, message: 'Go away!' });
      }
    }
  }

  done({
    message: 'Authentication required',
    authenticate: 'Basic realm="myscheme"'
  });
});

Please note that the auth hook is run each and every time a request is made to the server.

Client

Unfortunately, the amount of detail you get in your client when authorization fails depends on the transformer in use. Most real-time frameworks supported by Primus don't expose the status code, headers or response body.

The WebSocket transformer's underlying transport socket will fire an unexpected-response event with the HTTP request and response:

primus.on('outgoing::open', function () {
  primus.socket.on('unexpected-response', function (req, res) {
    console.error(res.statusCode);
    console.error(res.headers['www-authenticate']);

    //
    // It's up to us to close the request (although it will time out).
    //
    req.abort();

    //
    // It's also up to us to emit an error so primus can clean up.
    //
    primus.socket.emit('error', 'authorization failed: ' + res.statusCode);
  });
});

If you want to read the response body then you can do something like this:

primus.on('outgoing::open', function () {
  primus.socket.on('unexpected-response', function (req, res) {
    console.error(res.statusCode);
    console.error(res.headers['www-authenticate']);

    var data = '';

    res.on('data', function (v) {
      data += v;
    });

    res.on('end', function () {
      //
      // Remember error message is in the 'error' property.
      //
      primus.socket.emit('error', new Error(JSON.parse(data).error));
    });
  });
});

If unexpected-response isn't caught (because the WebSocket transformer isn't being used or you don't listen for it) then you'll get an error event:

primus.on('error', function error(err) {
  console.error('Something horrible has happened', err.stack);
});

As noted above, err won't contain any details about the authorization failure so you won't be able to distinguish it from other errors.

Broadcasting

Broadcasting allows you to write a message to every connected Spark on your server. There are 2 different ways of doing broadcasting in Primus. The easiest way is to use the Primus#write method which will write a message to every connected user:

primus.write('message');

There are cases where you only want to broadcast a message to a smaller group of users. To make it easier to do this, we've added a Primus#forEach method which allows you to iterate over all active connections.

primus.forEach(function (spark, id, connections) {
  if (spark.query.foo !== 'bar') return;

  spark.write('message');
});

The method can be also used asynchronously. To enable the asynchronous iteration you have to call Primus#forEach with two arguments. The first is the iterator function that is called on every step. The iterator is called with a connection from the list and a callback for when it has finished. The second argument is the main callback and is called when the iteration has finished.

primus.forEach(function (spark, next) {
  //
  // Do something and call next when done
  //
  next();
}, function (err) {
  console.log('We are done');
});

There are also cases where you want to select a single Spark. To do this you can use the Primus#spark method.

// Get a spark by its id
var spark = primus.spark(id);

spark.write('message');

This method returns a Spark or undefined if the given id doesn't match any of the active Spark ids on the server.

Destruction

In rare cases you might need to destroy the Primus instance you've created. You can use the primus.destroy() or primus.end() method for this. This method accepts an Object which allows you to configure the destruction process:

• close Close the HTTP server that Primus received. Defaults to true.
• reconnect Automatically reconnect the clients. Defaults to false.
• timeout Close all active connections and clean up the Primus instance after the specified amount of timeout. Defaults to 0.

The timeout is especially useful if you want gracefully shutdown your server but really don't want to wait an infinite amount of time.

primus.destroy({ timeout: 10000 });

Events

Primus is built upon the Stream and EventEmitter interfaces. This is a summary of the events emitted by Primus.

Event	Usage	Location	Description
outgoing::reconnect	private	client	Transformer should reconnect.
reconnect scheduled	public	client	We're scheduling a reconnect.
reconnect	public	client	Reconnect attempt is about to be made.
reconnected	public	client	Successfully reconnected.
reconnect timeout	public	client	Reconnect attempt took too much time.
reconnect failed	public	client	Failed to reconnect.
timeout	public	client	Failed to connect to server.
outgoing::open	private	client/spark	Transformer should connect.
incoming::open	private	client/spark	Transformer has connected.
open	public	client	Connection is open.
destroy	public	client	The instance has been destroyed.
incoming::error	private	client	Transformer received an error.
error	public	client/spark	An error happened.
incoming::data	private	client/server	Transformer received data.
outgoing::data	private	client/spark	Transformer should write data.
data	public	client/spark	We received data.
incoming::end	private	client/spark	Transformer closed the connection.
outgoing::end	private	client/spark	Transformer should close connection.
end	public	client/spark	The connection has ended.
close	public	client/server	The connection has closed, we might reconnect. / The server has been destroyed.
connection	public	server	We received a new connection.
disconnection	public	server	We received a disconnection.
initialised	public	server	The server is initialised.
plugin	public	server	A new plugin has been added.
plugout	public	server	A plugin has been removed.
incoming::ping	private	client	We received a ping message.
outgoing::ping	private	spark	We're sending a ping message.
incoming::pong	private	spark	We received a pong message.
outgoing::pong	private	client	We're sending a pong message.
heartbeat	public	spark	We've received a response to a heartbeat.
online	public	client	We've regained a network connection.
offline	public	client	We've lost our internet connection.
log	public	server	Log messages.
readyStateChange	public	client/spark	The readyState has changed.
outgoing::url	private	client	The options used to construct the URL.

As a rule of thumb assume that every event that is prefixed with incoming:: or outgoing:: is reserved for internal use only and that emitting such events your self will most likely result in chaos and destruction.

To make it easier for developers to emit events on Primus itself, we've added a small helper function that checks if the event you want to emit is reserved for Primus only. This would be all incoming:: and outgoing:: prefixed events and the events listed above. This method is called .reserved() and it's implemented on the Spark:

primus.on('connection', function connection(spark) {
  spark.on('data', function (data) {
    //
    // Just imagine that we receive an array of arguments from the client which
    // first argument is the name of the event that we need to emit and the
    // second argument are the arguments for function.
    //
    if (spark.reserved(data.args[0])) return;

    spark.emit.apply(spark, data.args[0]);
  });
});

But also the client:

var primus = new Primus('https://example.bar');

primus.on('data', function (data) {
  if (primus.reserved(data.args[0])) return;

  primus.emit.apply(primus, data.args);
});

And of course the Primus instance as well.

Heartbeats and latency

Heartbeats are used in Primus to figure out if we still have an active, working and reliable connection with the server. These heartbeats are sent from the server to the client as shown in the following diagram.

     client will disconnect
       if not recv within
          `pingTimeout`

     primus:pong:{timestamp}
    +----------------------+
    |                      |
+---v----+            +---------+
| server |            |  client |
+--------+            +----^----+
    |                      |
    +----------------------+
     primus:ping:{timestamp}

      sent at `pingInterval`
      server will disconnect
      if no response since
           last ping

The heartbeat message that we send over the connection is primus::ping::. Upon receipt of this message, the client will send back a primus::pong:: message with the same it received from the server. This allows to calculate the latency between messages by simply getting the and comparing it with the local time.

Supported Real-time Frameworks

The following transformers/transports are supported in Primus:

BrowserChannel

BrowserChannel was the original technology that GMail used for their real-time communication. It's designed for same domain communication and does not use WebSockets. To use BrowserChannel you need to install the browserchannel module:

npm install browserchannel --save

And tell Primus that you want to use browserchannel as transformer:

var primus = new Primus(server, { transformer: 'browserchannel' });

The browserchannel transformer comes with built-in node client support and can be accessed using:

var Socket = primus.Socket
  , socket = new Socket('url');

Please note that you should use at least version 1.0.6 which contains support for query strings.

Engine.IO

Engine.IO is the low level transport functionality of Socket.IO 1.0. It supports multiple transports for creating a real-time connection. It uses transport upgrading instead of downgrading which makes it more resilient to blocking proxies and firewalls. To enable engine.io you need to install the engine.io module:

npm install engine.io --save

And tell Primus that you want to use engine.io as transformer:

var primus = new Primus(server, { transformer: 'engine.io' });

If you want to use the client interface inside of Node.js you also need to install the engine.io-client:

npm install engine.io-client --save

And then you can access it from your server instance:

var Socket = primus.Socket
  , socket = new Socket('url');

Faye

Faye is a WebSocket only transformer. It uses the faye-websocket module which is part of the Faye project and supports all protocol specifications. To use this you need to install the faye-websocket module:

npm install faye-websocket --save

And tell Primus that you want to use faye as transformer:

var primus = new Primus(server, { transformer: 'faye' });

The faye transformer comes with built-in node client support and can be accessed using:

var Socket = primus.Socket
  , socket = new Socket('url');

SockJS

SockJS is a real-time server that focuses on cross-domain connections and does this by using multiple transports. To use SockJS you need to install the sockjs module:

npm install sockjs --save

And tell Primus that you want to use sockjs as transformer:

var primus = new Primus(server, { transformer: 'sockjs' });

If you want to use the client interface inside of Node.js you also need to install the sockjs-client module:

npm install sockjs-client --save

And then you can access it from your server instance:

var Socket = primus.Socket
  , socket = new Socket('url');

uws

uws is a WebSocket only transformer. It uses the uws module which is probably the fastest WebSocket server available in Node.js. To use uws you have to install the uws module:

npm install uws --save

And tell Primus that you want to use uws as transformer:

var primus = new Primus(server, { transformer: 'uws' });

If you want to use the client interface inside of Node.js you also need to install the ws module:

npm install ws --save

And then you can access it from your server instance:

var Socket = primus.Socket
  , socket = new Socket('url');

WebSockets

If you are targeting a high end audience or maybe just need something for internal uses you can use a pure WebSocket server. This transformer uses the popular ws module which is battle tested and supports all protocol specifications. To use WebSockets you need to install the ws module:

npm install ws --save

And tell Primus that you want to use WebSockets as transformer:

var primus = new Primus(server, { transformer: 'websockets' });

The WebSockets transformer comes with built-in node client support and can be accessed using:

var Socket = primus.Socket
  , socket = new Socket('url');

As you can see from the examples above, it doesn't matter how you write the name of the transformer, we just toLowerCase() everything.

Transformer inconsistencies

• BrowserChannel does not give you access to the remotePort of the incoming connection. So when you access spark.address the port property will be set to 1337 by default.
• BrowserChannel is the only transformer that does not support cross domain connections.
• BrowserChannel and SockJS are written in CoffeeScript and this can make debugging harder when their internals fail.
• Engine.IO and SockJS do not ship their client-side library with their server side component. We're bundling a snapshot of these libraries inside of Primus. We will always be targeting the latest version of these transformers when we bundle the library.

Parsers

In addition to support different frameworks we've also made it possible to use custom encoding and decoding libraries. We're using JSON by default but you could also use binary or EJSON for example (but these parsers need to be supported by Primus, so check out the parser folder for examples). To specify the parser to use you can supply a parser configuration option:

var primus = new Primus(server, { parser: 'JSON' });

All parsers have an async interface for error handling.

Middleware

Primus has two ways of extending the functionality. We have plugins but also support middleware. And there is an important difference between these. The middleware layers allows you to modify the incoming requests before they are passed in to the transformers. Plugins allow you to modify and interact with the sparks. The middleware layer is only run for the requests that are handled by Primus.

We support 2 kind of middleware, async and sync middleware. The main difference between these kinds is that sync middleware doesn't require a callback, it is completely optional. In Primus, we eat our own dog food. Various of components in Primus are implemented through middleware layers:

• cors: Adds the Access Control headers.
• primus.js: It serves our primus.js client file.
• spec: It outputs the server specification (version, transformer, path).
• authorization: Our authorization handler, which is implemented as a middleware.
• no-cache: Add no-cache headers to every HTTP request.
• x-xss: Add X-XSS-Protection headers to every HTTP request.

Primus.use(name, fn, options, index)

The primus.use method is how you add middleware layers to your system. All middleware layers need to be named. This allows you to also enable, disable and remove middleware layers. The supplied function can either be a pre-configured function that is ready to answer request/response or an unconfigured middleware. An unconfigured middleware is a function with less then 2 arguments. We execute this function automatically with Primus as context of the function and optionally, the options that got provided:

primus.use('name', function () {
  var primus = this;

  return function (req, res) {
    res.end('foo');
  }
}, { foo: 'bar' });

As you can see in the example above, we assume that you return the actual middleware layer. If you don't need any pre-configuration you can just supply the function directly:

// sync middleware
primus.use('name', function (req, res) {

});

// async middleware
primus.use('name', function (req, res, next) {
  doStuff();
});

You need to be aware that these middleware layers are running for HTTP requests but also for upgrade requests. Certain middleware layers should only run for HTTP or Upgrade requests. To make it possible you can add a http or upgrade property to the middleware function and set it to false if you don't want it to be triggered.

primus.use('name', function () {
  function middleware(req, res, next) {

  }

  middleware.upgrade = false; // Don't run this middleware for upgrades

  return middleware;
});

By default a new middleware layer is added after the previous one, but there are cases where you need to add a middleware at a specified index in the stack. To accomplish this you can use the optional 0 based index argument.

// add a middleware after the first two in the stack
primus.use('name', function (req, res) {

}, 2);

Primus.remove(name)

This method allows you to remove configured middleware. This works for the middleware layers that you added but also the middleware layers that we add by default. If you want to use a different way to serve the primus.js file you can simply:

primus.remove('primus.js');

And add your own middleware instead.

Primus.disable(name)

In addition to removing middleware layers, it's also possible to disable them so they are skipped when we iterate over the middleware layers. It might be useful to just disable certain middleware layers in production.

primus.disable('name');

Primus.enable(name)

Of course, when you can disable middleware there also needs to be way to enable them again. This is exactly what this method does. Re-enable a disabled middleware layer.

primus.enable('name');

Plugins

Primus was built as a low level interface where you can build your applications upon. At it's core, it's nothing more than something that passes messages back and forth between the client and server. To make it easier for developers to switch to Primus we've developed a simple but effective plugin system that allows you to extend Primus's functionality.

Plugins are added on the server side in the form of an Object:

//
// Require a plugin directly.
//
primus.plugin('name', require('metroplex'));

//
// Or supply it manually with the required object structure
//
primus.plugin('name', {
  server: function (primus, options) {},
  client: function (primus, options) {},
  library: 'client side library'
});

Or you can pass the plugin Object directly into the constructor:

var primus = new Primus(server, { plugin: {
  name: {
    server: function (primus, options) {},
    client: function (primus, options) {},
    library: 'client side library'
  }
}})

And last but not least, you can also supply the constructor with a comma or space separated list of plugin names which will be required automatically:

var primus = new Primus(server, { plugin: 'metroplex, primus-emit' })

To remove added plugins you can use the plugout method:

primus.plugin('name', require('metroplex'));
primus.plugout('name'); // returns true/false indicating successful removal.

The server function is only executed on the server side and receives 2 arguments:

1. A reference to the initialised Primus server.
2. The options that were passed in the new Primus(server, { options }) constructor. So the plugin can be configured through the same interface.

The client receives the same arguments:

1. A reference to the initialised Primus client.
2. The options that were passed in the new Primus(url, { options }) constructor. So the plugin can be configured through the same interface.

The only thing you need to remember is that the client is stored in the library using toString() so it cannot have any references outside the client's closure. But luckily, there's a library property that will also be included on the client side when it's specified. The library property should be an absolute path to the library file.

Intercepting the connection events

The connection event is emitted using a async emitter. It checks if your supplied event emitter function has extra callback function. When it detects this it will wait with the execution of the other assigned listeners until the callback has been called. Please note that the order of assigning event listeners is still respected so if you've assigned a connection listener before an async connection listener it will still be executed first.

primus.on('connection', function (spark) {
  console.log('first call, i have no spark.newproperty', spark.newproperty);
});

primus.on('connection', function (spark, next) {
  longrunningasynmethod(spark.query, function (err, data) {
    spark.newproperty = data;

    console.log('second call, i added the new property');
    next(err);
  });
});

primus.on('connection', function (spark) {
  console.log('third call, i can read the ', spark.newproperty);
});

When an error argument is supplied it will automatically end the connection and emit an error event on the spark. If you are coming from Socket.IO 1.0 >=, this will basically work the same way as their middleware system.

Extending the Spark / Socket

The server has a .Spark property that can be extended. This allows you to easily add new functionality to the socket. For example adding join room function would be as easy as:

primus.plugin('rooms', {
  server: function (primus) {
    var Spark = primus.Spark;

    Spark.prototype.join = function () {
      // implement room functionality.
    };
  }
});

Transforming and intercepting messages

Intercepting and transforming messages is something that a lot of plugins require. When you're building an EventEmitter plugin or something else you probably don't want the default data event to be emitted but your custom event. There are 2 different types of messages that can be transformed:

1. incoming These messages are being received by the server.
2. outgoing These messages are being sent to the client.

The transformer is available on both the client and the server and share, like you would have expected the same identical API. Adding a new transformer is relatively straightforward:

primus.transform('incoming', function (packet) {
  //
  // The packet.data contains the actual message that either received or
  // transformed.
  //

  // This would transform all incoming messages to foo;
  packet.data = 'foo';

  // If you are handling the message and want to prevent the `data` event from
  // happening, simply `return false` at the end of your function. No new
  // transformers will be called, and the event won't be emitted.
});

These transformations can easily be done in the plugins:

primus.plugin('name', {
  server: function (primus) {
    primus.transform('outgoing', function (packet) {
      packet.data = 'foo';
    });

    primus.transform('incoming', function (packet) {
      if (packet.data === 'foo') packet.data = 'bar';
    });
  },

  client: function (primus) {
    primus.transform('outgoing', function (packet) {
      packet.data = 'foo';
    });

    primus.transform('incoming', function (packet) {
      if (packet.data === 'foo') packet.data = 'bar';
    });
  }
});

We also expose asynchronous interfaces for these transformers. If your function accepts 2 arguments we automatically assume it's async and that the last argument is the callback variable:

primus.transform('outgoing', function (packet, next) {
  asyncprocess(packet.data, function (err, data) {
    //
    // If you return an error here, it will be emitted as `error` on the
    // spark/client and no `data` event will be emitted.
    //
    if (err) return next(err);

    //
    // If you just wanted to ignore this message instead of emitting an error
    // you can do:
    //
    if (err) return next(undefined, false);

    //
    // To update the data, just re-assign the `data` property on the packet you
    // received and call the next callback.
    //
    packet.data = data;
    next();
  });
});

Primus project plugins

The following plugins are part of the Primus project.

fortess-maximus

Fortress Maximus validates every incoming message on your Primus server as all user input should be seen as a potential security risk.

metroplex

Metroplex is a Redis based spark/connection registry for Primus. It stores the sparks and their server address. So you can cluster multiple primus's together with Metroplex and Omega Supreme

mirage

Mirage generates and validates persistent session IDs.

omega-supreme

Omega Supreme allows you to broadcast messages to Primus using a regular HTTP request. These messages can be broacasted to every spark, single spark or a collection of sparks.

primus-analytics

Integrates Primus with Google Analytics.

primus-emit

The emit module adds client -> server and server -> client event emitting to Primus.

substream

Substream is an opinionated but stream compatible connection multiplexer on top of the Primus connections. These streams can be created without pre-defining them on the server or client.